By Taras Kuzio
Four perpetrators of the April 27 bombings in
Dnipropetrovsk that wounded 30 people were arrested on June 1. They had
demanded $4.5 million to prevent a repetition of their attacks (see Security
Service [SBU] surveillance and arrest here: http://www.pravda.com.ua/photo-video/2012/06/2/6965888/).
The timing of the bombings immediately came under
suspicion. It was suggested they were an attempt to distract public attention
from imprisoned opposition leader Yulia Tymoshenko after bruises on her body,
allegedly inflicted by prison guards, were widely publicized in Ukraine and
internationally. A mass opposition protest had also been planned in
Dnipropetrovsk on April 27.
Prime Minister Nikolai Azarov rebuked the opposition’s
theories, claiming the Dnipropetrovsk bombings were undertaken by those
interested in destabilizing Ukraine,
who had a “the worse things get, the better for us” attitude and wanted to
blame the authorities. These forces are seeking “chaos and instability, which
we, together with you, witnessed a few years ago,” Azarov claimed, in a swipe
at political instability under former President Viktor Yushchenko (Ukrayinska
Pravda, April 27). “The worse things get, the better for us” was also an apt
description of the rationale behind the Party of Regions’ tactics of blocking
the Tymoshenko government’s 2008-2009 anti-crisis policies in parliament.
Ukrainian authorities had sought to arrest the
terrorists before the Euro 2012 soccer championships – co-hosted this summer by
Ukraine and Poland – began on
June 8. The European Union of Football Associations (EUFA) had raised the issue
of transferring the championship from Ukraine
if the bombings were a harbinger of further insecurity to fans travelling to Ukraine. “If
the situation becomes more insecure then the championship will not take place [in
Ukraine],”
EUFA spokesman Martin Kallen said (Ukrayinska Pravda, April 30). Germany and Italy
had offered to co-host Euro 2012 (with Poland)
if it was moved from Ukraine.
Terrorist bombings have grown since Yanukovych was
elected president two years ago. Batkivshchina deputy Serhiy Pashynsky pointed
out, “Before Yanukovych came to power, this country had been absolutely free
from terrorism” (Kyiv Post, April 28). IHS Global Insight added, “Ukraine has
seen a number of small terrorist attacks in recent years but nothing major was
carried out by any unknown militant group” (http://www.kyivpost.com/news/opinion/op_ed/detail/126784/).
The following is a list of the main terrorist
incidents:
June 28, 2010: a bomb exploded outside the doors of a Church belonging to the
Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarch) in Zaporizhzhia. Nine were wounded
and an 80-year-old nun was killed.
September 30,
2010: a Lexus-brand automobile belonging to the
leader of the regional branch of the Front for Change party was blown up
without causing serious injuries to its passengers.
October 22, 2010: three bombs went off in Kirovohrad outside the oblast
prosecutor-general’s office, appeals court and Interior Ministry on the eve of
a visit by President Yanukovych (see EDM, October 26, 2010).
January 20, 2011: two explosions rocked the city of Makiyivka,
Donetsk oblast after
a demand for money by organized crime members was not met.
October 21, 2011: an explosion occurred inside the Silpo supermarket in Zaporzhzhia following
a demand for 5 million euros.
November 16,
2011: a bomb explosion occurred in Dnipropetrovsk,
killing a young businessman.
March, 20, 2012: in Kyiv, the deputy head of the Soyuz Bank and founder of the
scandal-ridden Rodovid Bank, Serhiy Dyadechko, was the target of an
assassination attempt but survived. Rodovid was one of the biggest bank
collapses in Eastern Europe and Eurasia, with losses
of up to 35 billion hryvnia (nearly $4.5 billion) that had to be covered by the
Ukrainian state when the bank was recapitalized.
Temporary bank administrator Serhiy Shcherbyn was
sentenced for the Rodovid failure even though he joined after the bank went
bankrupt. Former Rodovid bank president and Olympic champion, Serhiy Bubka, and
bank founder Denys Horbunenko, who lives in London, have never been questioned. The key
witness in the case, Hennadiy Piskun, suspiciously fell out of a 7th floor Donetsk apartment window
on October 29, 2011, while allegedly attempting to fix the air conditioning
unit. Piskun’s death has never been properly investigated. The head of the bank’s
legal department, Olekshandr Ivakhnenko, “slipped in the bath” and received
serious head injuries.
April 15, 2012: oligarch Hennadiy Akselrod was assassinated in Dnipropetrovsk. An
attempt to blow him up with another local oligarch, Hennadiy Korban, on
September 17, 2010, only wounded them.
Terrorist bombings are a reflection of growing
criminality in Ukraine
(see EDM, February 17). First deputy head of the Parliamentary Committee on
Fighting Organized Crime and Corruption, Hennadiy Moskal, who was Deputy
Interior Minister under currently-imprisoned former Interior Minister Yuriy Lutsenko,
claims organized crime gangs are operating more freely than under previous Ukrainian
presidents. Moskal said, “Some oblasts are fully controlled by crime bosses and
criminal groups...and today, it is complete paradise for them as they have
complete freedom” (http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/24547796.html). Moskal
revealed that in Ukraine
there are entire regions (he named as examples Sumy, Zaporizhzhia, and Mykolayiv) where
organized crime bosses control governors, mayors and local council leaders.
Moskal said “this has never happened before in the 20
years of independence of Ukraine.
[...] There is no political will amongst the higher leadership of the
government to fight organized crime and corruption.”
Political consultant Oleh Medvedev explains how Ukraine’s
business elite was formed primarily from two social groups – organized crime
gangsters and former Komsomol (Communist Youth League) activists. This
translated into the “hard gangster style of Donetsk, and the softer style of the
Dnipropetrovsk Komsomol.” The “Dnipropetrovsk mafia” had run Soviet Ukraine and
the USSR under Leonid
Brezhnev but, with the election of Yanukovych in 2010, the “Donetsk
mafia” took control of Ukraine
for the first time in its history (http://blogs.pravda.com.ua/authors/medvedev/4f9164e802016/).
Medvedev writes: “The first [Donetsk group], were brutal and feral street
children from mining town suburbs who rose to the top without any regard for
rules or the remnants of Soviet morality under the sound of the crossfire of
Kalashnikovs. The second [Dnipropetrovsk group], came from intelligent families
that became cultured working inside the [Communist] Party. Their origin and
education meant they did not dispose of their competitors by blowing them up inside
soccer stadiums. It is no surprise which of these two subcultures won out in Ukraine.”
Medvedvev explains the relevance of this for today: “Now
they are not only successfully dividing up amongst themselves the remains of
state-owned property in the style of the 1990s, but are also dealing with
former business rivals and current political rivals in the same manner.” As
Sergei Zhuk points out in his masterful Rock and Roll in the Rocket City: The
West, Identity, and Ideology in Soviet Dniepropetrovsk, 1960-1985 (Johns
Hopkins University Press 2010) Tymoshenko’s origins are in the Dnipropetrovsk Komsomol,
within which she emerged as a businesswoman in the 1980s.
Terrorist attacks are likely to continue and grow for
two reasons:
The first, as analyzed above, is because of the
growing power of organized crime and increased corporate raiding. The second is
because of the political opposition (see EDM, November 18, 2011). Our
Ukraine-Peoples’ Self Defense deputy Yaroslav Kendzior’s threat to blow up
parliament if the draft law on languages was again debated is a sign of how
divisive policies are inflaming regional divisions to the point of violence (Ukrayinska
Pravda, May 29). On May 24, when parliament first debated the draft language
law that makes Russian a de facto state language, there was a riot and
bloodshed in parliament (see video and photos at www.pravda.com.ua/news/2012/05/25/6965354/;
www.news.nationalpost.com/2012/05/24/parliamentary-brawl-in-ukraine-photos/).
Former US President John F. Kennedy’s warning is apt
for Ukraine:
“Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution
inevitable.”
